Guardians of the Forest, Keepers of Ancestral Spirits: The Role of Traditional Shamans in the Ecological Resilience of Bangka Island

Abstract

Bangka Island, located in the Province of Bangka Belitung Islands, is currently experiencing significant environmental degradation caused by extensive tin mining and the expansion of monoculture plantations. These activities have led to the depletion of forest ecosystems and the erosion of local ecological values. Amidst this ecological crisis, traditional shamans (dukun adat) in the Mapur customary territory continue to play a pivotal role in forest conservation through the application of customary laws, spiritual rituals, and taboos related to sacred forest areas (hutan larangan). This study aims to explore the role of dukun adat in preserving ecological resilience and safeguarding indigenous forests, while also identifying the challenges they face in the context of socio-economic transformation and environmental exploitation. Using a qualitative ethnographic approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and participatory observation in several customary communities, including Pelangas, Air Abik, and Gunung Muda. The findings reveal that dukun adat function not only as spiritual leaders but also as custodians of traditional ecological knowledge, enforcing sustainable land use practices and ensuring the spiritual balance between humans and nature. However, the influence of modernization, industrial expansion, and weakening cultural transmission poses serious threats to the continuation of their roles. This study concludes that the recognition and integration of traditional knowledge systems into formal environmental governance and climate change adaptation strategies are crucial for achieving inclusive and sustainable conservation. Strengthening the position of dukun adat may contribute significantly to community-based environmental resilience.